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  • 2.1 Introduction

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  • 2.2 Punches: Primary Tools of Pointillé

    • 2.2.1 Overview

      Punches are the central instruments in Pointillé and determine the shape, size, and depth of each impression. They are typically manufactured from hardened steel to withstand repeated impacts.

      2.2.2 Common Punch Types

      • Prick Punches (30°–60° tip angle)

      • Use: Fine detailing, shading, dense textures.

      • Geometry: Narrow conical tip producing small, sharp depressions.

      • Effect on material: High local pressure → deep craters with pronounced burrs.

      • Typical applications: Facial shading, gradient formation, background mattification.

      • Centre Punches (~90° tip angle)

      • Use: Larger dots, structural motifs, transition zones between light/dark.

      • Geometry: Wider cone creating larger craters with smoother transitions.

      • Effect on material: Controlled displacement ideal for spacing-dependent patterns.

      • Automatic Centre Punches

      • Mechanism: Spring-loaded impulse delivering consistent force.

      • Advantages:

        • High uniformity across large fields.

        • Reduced fatigue; ideal for repetitive stippling sequences.

      • Limitations:

        • Less adaptable to micro-variations in pressure.

        • May produce mechanically characteristic marks not authentic to historical styles.

      2.2.3 Punch Design Parameters

      These are essential for both historical documentation and simulation-based training:

      Parameter Description Influence on Result
      Tip Angle Determines crater diameter and burr shape Controls texture sharpness & spacing density
      Tip Radius Microscopic curvature at tip Affects edge clarity and reflectance patterns
      Material Hardness Depends on steel treatment Impacts wear resistance and mark consistency
      Handle Length/Weight Affects control, momentum, comfort Influences rhythm and accuracy in long sessions

  • 2.3 Support Tools

    • 2.3.1 Hammer / Mallet

      • Material: Steel, brass, or wooden mallets.

      • Purpose: Apply controlled impulse to the punch.

      • Selection Guidance:

        • Heavy hammers: Deep, high-contrast effects.

        • Light hammers: Fine work, delicate transitions.

        • Brass mallets: Reduce ricochet and tool rebound.

      2.3.2 Anvil or Support Block

      • Function: Provides rigid backing that enables proper material displacement.

      • Requirements:

        • High mass and rigidity.

        • Flat, polished surface to avoid reverse-side artefacts.

        • Stable setup to maintain impact precision.

      2.3.3 Workholding Fixtures

      • Clamps or leather pads prevent micro-slippage during rapid stippling sequences.

      • Pitch bowls (historical) enable working curved or irregular surfaces.

  • 2.4 Materials Used in Pointillé

    • 2.4.1 Metal Types

      Historically and in modern practice, Pointillé is applied to malleable metals that deform plastically under impact.

      • Silver

      • Advantages: High ductility, clean burr formation, bright reflectance.

      • Applications: Jewellery, silverware, ornamented armour accents.

      • Pewter

      • Advantages: Extremely soft → crisp impressions with minimal force.

      • Drawback: Overstriking easily creates distortion.

      • Copper & Copper Alloys (Brass, Bronze)

      • Advantages:

        • Excellent formability.

        • Distinctive color contrasts in polished vs. stippled areas.

      • Considerations: Moderate-hard alloys require more force and precise punch control.

      • Steel (rare historical usage)

      • Used for: Armour decoration; requires significant force and robust punches.

      2.4.2 Material Properties Relevant to Training

      Below are the key physical properties affecting how the material reacts to the punch. These are the same properties used in simulation-based training.

      Property Functional Effect in Pointillé Notes
      Young’s Modulus Stiffness → determines penetration depth under force Higher values = shallower craters
      Yield Strength Threshold for permanent deformation Governs when metal transitions from elastic → plastic regime
      Hardness Resistance to surface indentation Critical for burr morphology
      Work Hardening Metal becomes harder after repeated deformation Influences long pattern sequences
      Friction Coefficient Affects slipping between tool and surface Important for angled impacts

      These parameters determine the feel, resistance, and quality of burr formation—critical aspects for learners to interpret visually in high-fidelity simulations.

  • 2.5 Surface Preparation

    • 2.5.1 Pre-Processing

      • Polishing: Smooth surfaces make stippling reflectance contrast more visible.

      • Annealing (for copper-based alloys): Increases ductility; essential before complex motifs.

      • Cleaning: Removes oils and oxidation to avoid irregular mark formation.

      2.5.2 Surface States & Their Impact

      Different surface states correspond to different perceptual outcomes:

      Surface State Description Impact on Stippling
      Highly Polished Mirror-like, low roughness Dramatic contrast between matte stippling & shiny surroundings
      Satin / Brushed Moderately rough Softer shading gradients
      Oxidized / Patinated Darkened surface Enhances visibility of stippled highlights

  • 2.6 Material–Tool Interaction Principles

    • Pointillé relies on displacement, not removal of material. Understanding these principles enhances both real practice and simulation training.

      2.6.1 Crater Formation

      • Created when punch force exceeds local yield strength.

      • Geometry governs crater depth, diameter, and burr shape.

      2.6.2 Burr Generation

      • Burr height encodes impact angle, force, and tool tip geometry.

      • Critical for perceptual shading effects in motifs.

      2.6.3 Angle Sensitivity

      • A deviation of even 2–3° produces asymmetric craters.

      • Historical masters used angle variation intentionally for visual effect.

      2.6.4 Force Modulation

      • Low force → shallow impressions for texture.

      • High force → deep dots for high-contrast pattern regions.

      • Automatic punches normalize this variable.

  • 2.7 Summary

    • Tools and materials fundamentally shape the visual vocabulary of Pointillé. By understanding punch geometry, metal properties, and surface behavior, learners gain insight into why specific marks look the way they do and how master artisans achieved precise, expressive motifs. These principles also form the basis for simulation feedback, where each user action is evaluated against material constraints and tool parameters derived from real-world craft practice.